Psychological Literature On Personality And Character...

The first American review of psychological literature on personality and character cited numerous sources that involved trait concepts. Notably, the article written in 1921 was by prominent personality psychologist, Gordon Allport (Barenbaum Winter 2008, p. 3). According to Allport, â€Å"a trait is a neuropsychic structure having the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide equivalent (meaningfully consistent) forms of adaptive and expressive behaviour† (Ewen 2013, p. 113). Current trait theory is influenced by prominent theorists, Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck, who made important contributions to the study and understanding of personality traits (Barenbaum Winter 2008, p. 12). Drawing from previous theories, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae developed the widely accepted Five Factor Theory (FFT) that features five broad personality traits: openness, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (Ewen 201 3, p. 140; John, Naumann Soto 2008, p. 120). Of the basic five factors used in this model, neuroticism is the most recognised for its link to negative affect and the least recognised for positive affect. Furthermore, numerous studies have identified a significant link between negative mental health outcomes and high levels of neuroticism (Lahey 2009, pp. 241-242). This essay will discuss the trait theory of personality and the outcomes for people who strongly exhibit neuroticism. Prominent personalityShow MoreRelatedStrengths and Weaknesses of the Biological Model and Environmental Model in Determining the Etiology of Schizophrenia3559 Words   |  15 PagesDevelopmental theories embody perspectives about environmental forces and human essence that build a path of human development. Developmental psychopathology theories embody these perspectives as well, and the information from ‘normal’ and ‘pathological’ human life courses enlighten current models of development (Davies Bhugra, 2004). Thus, for instance, the healthy child and the biological model both agree that certain predetermined behavioural pattern may be impervious to environmental forcesRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Twin Studies and Adoption1958 Words   |  8 Pagesthe case studies in regards to nature vs. nurture and finally, will conclude with the impact of the nature-nurture debate and twin and adoption studies. â€Å"The term â€Å"nature versus nurture† is used to refer to a long-running scientific debate. The source of debate is the question of which has a greater influence on development: someones innate characteristics provided by genetics, or someones environment. In fact, the nature versus nurture debate has been largely termed obsolete by many researchersRead More Domestic Violence in America Essay3058 Words   |  13 Pagesstructural stress, social isolation, and personality problems or psychopathology (Yegidis, 1992). Traditional theories on the causes of domestic abuse focus on such factors as people’s individual characteristics and life experiences, including the presence of problems such as social and structural stress, social alienation, unemployment, poverty, substance abuse, past child abuse, personality disorders, psychopathology, and depression (Yegidis, 1992). However, theories centered on these variables fail toRead MoreDomestic Violence3108 Words   |  13 Pagesstructural stress, social isolation, and personality problems or psychopathology (Yegidis, 1992). Traditional theories on the causes of domestic abuse focus on such factors as people s individual characteristics and life experiences, including the presence of problems such as social and structural stress, social alienation, unemployment, poverty, substance abuse, past child abuse, personality disorders, psychopathology, and depression (Yegidis, 1992). However, theories centered on these variables fail toRead MoreEntrepreneurship Process and Principles15897 Words   |  64 Pagesthe entrepreneur i.e., the owner. 2.Raisingof funds An entrepreneur himself raises funds required for the enterprise. Funds are not raised by the entrepreneur only operate it. 3.Risk Entrepreneur bears the risk involved in the business. An intrapreneur does not fully bear the risk involved in the enterprise. 4.Operations An entrepreneur operates from outside. An intrapreneur operates from within the organization itself. Characteristics attributed to entrepreneur An entrepreneur’s characteristicsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesHoldener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United StatesRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0- JOHN STEINER AND GEORGE STEINER SIX PRIMARY SOURCES OF ETHICS: 6 1- Religion: 6 2- Genetic Inheritance: 8 3- Philosophical Systems: 8 4- Cultural Experience: 8 5- The Legal System: 9 6- Codes of Conduct: 9 2.0- EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCES OF ETHICS: 10 2.1- RELIGION: 10 Teaching business ethics 12 2.11- Impact Of Religiosity: 13 2.12- Ethics Of Islam: 14 Nature of Islamic Ethics 17 The Human-Environment Relationship: 20 The SustainableRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages............................. 30 III. Humanities and Literature................................................................................................... 31 African Studies...................................................................................................................... 31 Literature (American) ........................................................................................................... 33 Literature (English and American) ..............................Read MoreDimensionalizing Cultures. the Hofstede Model in Context11051 Words   |  45 Pages(judging them by what they do); 5. Specificity (limiting relations to others to specific spheres) versus diffuseness (no prior limitations to nature of relations). Parsons and Shils (1951) claimed that these choices are present at the individual (personality) level, at the social system (group or organization) level, and at the c ultural (normative) level. They did not take into account that different variables could operate at different aggregation levels. U.S. anthropologists Florence Kluckhohn andRead MoreFactors That Lead to the Achievement of Industrial Harmony, That Create the Environment for Best Practices in Management14180 Words   |  57 Pagesthat historically the relationship between management and labour is built on conflict. The interest of labour and management is basically seen as being at odds, each treating the other as opposition. However times are changing employees need to be involved in the running of an organization in an effort to increase productivity, improve quality and lower costs. Through employee involvement, a platform should be availed for employees to air their grievances. Similarly some unions have come to recognize

The Revolutionary War And The Declaration Of Independence

Decades following the Revolutionary War and the Declaration of Independence, America continued to face challenges in their young country. Tensions with the British, as well as Native Americans, led to more struggles for America. The British failed to recognize the United States of America as a separate and free country, and by enlisting the help of frustrated Native Americans they continued to be a sore within America. They believed they had rights to some parts of land in western Florida, they joined forces with Native Americans when Americans decide to move westward, and worst of all they continued to impress Americans onto British ships because of problems with trade. Tensions with the British continued to rise and a factor for the War of 1812 was the problem with British West Florida. The War Hawks, who were a group of men who had a strong hatred towards the British, were irate with the British over territorial issues. Among these men were John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, who â€Å"brimmed with the cocky belligerence of youth and were super-nationalists† (Conlin 217). These men were wanting to conquer Canada, and the idea of doing so was not implausible. Great Britain had an army in Canada, but it had slowly been reduced and Americans thought it would be a perfect time to try and conquer the land. However, America unfortunately was not able to conquer the lands in Canada, and the land remained the property of the British. There were also territorial issues with westernShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolutionary War, And The Declaration Of Independence1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Colonial Period in America was a revolutionary era that lasted through the years of 1607-1776. The Speech in the Virginia Convention, written by Patrick Henry, and the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, were two major components that influenced the colonists to fight for their freedom against the British. During these Colonials times, many speeches, events, and documents, leading up to the American Revolutionary War, impacted the outcome of our nation today. The SpeechRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence After the Revolutionary War Essay examples751 Words   |  4 Pages The Declaration of Independence is possibly the most important document for the American people to this day. The Declaration came about in July 1776 after the colonists were tired of being ignored and taken advantage of by King George the 3rd of Great Britain. In September of 1774 all 13 colonies, aside from Georgia, came together to discuss how to approach this ever growing problem that Great Britain is causing to their country. They decided that if they could not reconcile with Great Britain,Read MoreThe Declaration Of Independence, Boston Massacre, And Intolerable Events Led To The Revolutionary War881 Words   |  4 PagesRevloution The Revolutionary war impacted many people and places around the world. The Declaration of Independence, Boston Massacre, and Intolerable Acts are just some events that helped start the Revolutionary war. Crispus Attucks, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock were affected and effected events that happened before this major war. The Battle of Lexington, Battle at Fort Ticonderoga, and the Battle of Bunker Hill all led to the Revolution. These events, people, and battles all led up to the RevolutionaryRead MoreIdeals Of The American Revolution1100 Words   |  5 Pages Neither the framing nor the ratification of the Constitution were counter-revolutionary and neither contradicts the ideals of the American Revolution, rather, the Constitution corresponds and complies with a doctrine of fair governance as elucidated by the Declaration of Independence and thus allows for the system of checks and balances imperative to a final product that can guarantee a unified egalitarian republic. However, in order to prove this point, it must be conceded that the so-called â€Å"idealsRead MoreEssay On Nationalism808 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluenced the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the War of 1812, and the Manifest Destiny in 1845. But what is nationalism? Nationalism is an ‘ideology based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interest.’ The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4th, 1776. It served as the nations cry for independence. This document was signed by major representatives and Revolutionaries from all thirteen AmericanRead MoreSimilarities Between The Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence948 Words   |  4 Pageswithstood the test of time and have become statement pieces for our society. In this group, the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson and Common Sense by Thomas Paine both hold high positions. Thomas Paine wrote â€Å"The Crisis†, which was a chapter in his pamphlet Common Sense, which advocated that the thirteen original colonies gain independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence was a government document written in 1776 that proclaims America a state of democracy not connectedRead MoreCompare And Contrast Patrick Henry And Thomas Jefferson1220 Words   |  5 PagesContrast Essay 20 October 2017 The Demand for Independence vs Death The revolutionary period was the age of reason. It was the period in time when civilians wanted to take control of their unalienable rights; â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (Jefferson). Both Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson took part in the revolutionary period. They were both leaders that took action to receive independence from Great Britain. The two revolutionary leaders are remarkably comparable and contrastableRead MoreThe Revolutionary War Of Independence1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution which began as a War of Independence for American quickly transformed into a civil battle between the American patriots and loyalists joined by Indian forces. This war of independence, irrefutably, had a great effect on the citizens of America in varying degrees. The revolution, of course, gave a free rein to unforeseen political revolutions which often spark social revolutions. However, the American Revolution has foreseen the beginning of an aboliti onist movement for AfricanRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Revolutionary War1050 Words   |  5 Pagesfailed. After this let down of a government, the founding fathers wrote the Declaration of Independence, which would become the law of the American land. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were two influential individuals, who were originally involved in the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Both were involved in the political side of the Revolutionary war, but when speaking of it, told alternate versions of the war. As they approached the end of their lives, Thomas Jefferson and John AdamsRead MoreEssay about The Declaration of Independence769 Words   |  4 Pages The Declaration of Independence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness-That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their justice Powers from the consent of the Governed, that whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the

Teaching Reading to English Language Learners - 5240 Words

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Teaching reading to English Language Leaners requires some strategies and preparations on the part of teachers, which includes the preparation of the lesson plan. However, an effective lesson plan teaching reading to English Second Language (ESL) students or English Foreign Language (EFL) students requires having a structure (Teaching Reading to ESL Students to Teaching ESL to Adult, NY). The good news though about teaching reading to English Language Learners (ELLs) according to Colorin Colorado (2008) is that teachers need not to learn an entirely new method. Teachers can and should use what they already know to be effective, which she described as a research-based reading†¦show more content†¦To identify the problem English Language Learners usually encountered in learning reading. 1.4 Significance of the study The findings of this research report will be very important and useful in the following ways: Firstly, it can describe the recommended strategies for teaching rea ding English Language Learners, thus providing ELLs’ teachers better understanding and appreciation of these strategies so as to maximize the potential capabilities of their leaners while enhancing the teaching –learning process; Secondly, finding of this study can also serve as a very good additional material for teachers and their respective academic institutions to take advantage of such information to better prepare themselves as they continuously improve the development of their reading curriculum --- one that truly meets the needs of individual learners; and Thirdly, this study can serve as baseline information for future researchers and scholars who would like to further their investigation in this field of teaching reading to English Language Learners. 1.5 Scope and delimitation of the study This research report focused mainly on investigating the teaching of reading to English Language Learners. To further delimit its scope, this study has concentrated only at describing the various strategies recommended in teaching reading to English Language Learners. The study further delved into identifyingShow MoreRelatedTeaching Reading Fluency For Arabic Speaking English Language Learner Students797 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle I chose to read is The Effectiveness of Direct instruction In Increasing English Reading Fluency For Arabic Speaking English Language Learner Students In Qatar; A Research Case Study, by Jared Lorence. Arabic being my second language, this article was a real interest to me. Many of the students I teach ELL or not are influenced by the Arabic language in their daily life. Seeing how teachers in Qatar are teaching their children, in my opinion can be very helpful for a teacher in the USA becauseRead MoreUsing Online Literacy Software Programs1562 Words   |  7 Pageson the following question: Will the ELLs improve their comprehension skills of expository texts by focusing most of their practices on vocabulary development through the use of online literacy software programs? Review of the Literature English language learners (ELLs) represent a rapidly expanding population in U.S. schools. As the ethnic composition of the United States continues to increase, the prospect that more educators will work with a diverse student population is quickly becoming a realityRead MoreReaction Paper to Comprehension-Based Approach in English Language Teaching978 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Talisay City, Negros Occidental, Philippines Subject : Current Trends in Teaching English Instructor: Mrs. Liezl May C. Tortogo Student: Adoracion Aileen Ayn E. Hilado Reaction to Comprehension Based Approach in Teaching Language A. Summary of Comprehension Based Approach The Comprehension Approach refers to several methodologies of language learning that emphasize understanding of language rather than speaking. It is a pedagogical/instructive principle, which can be foundRead MoreThe Importance Of Short Term Intensive Language Courses On Reading And Writing Skills937 Words   |  4 Pagesclass at EC San Diegofacility. Heteaches fifteen intermediate level of ESL learners and the nationalities of learners vary.His class focuses on reading and writing, but deals with four skills of English language, especially vocabulary, grammar, speaking, and writing skills. Learners take six weeks intensive English Language course to improve their English proficiency. This language school’s fundamental goal is to help learners prepare in a global community. The reason I choose Mr. D’s intensive courseRead MoreMajor Trends in 21st Century in Esl1029 Words   |  5 PagesMajor trends in 21st century ESL language teaching Teaching students to be literate is a high educational priority throughout the world. Though this area is one of our greatest priorities, it is also one of our greatest challenges. The classroom environment has changed from many years ago. Teachers face the challenges of a large population who do not speak English and have high transient rates. For this large population, becoming proficient in a new language is a very difficult transition. ThisRead MoreSituational Language Teaching Grew Out of the Direct Method1204 Words   |  5 PagesSituational Language Teaching is a language teaching method that grew out of the Direct Method and was developed by British applied linguists Palmer and Hornby between 1930s and 1960s. By the 1950, this approach become the most accepted British approach due to its focus of vocabulary and grammar control (Faried.N.F, 2011). It was a Swiss linguist Otto Jespersen who tried to develop a more systematic and logical approach to the teaching of English than was the Direct Method so that language could beRead MoreUsing Visual Thinking for Effective Teaching and Learning Essay749 Words   |  3 Pagesillustrate the major topics that will be taught. Just hearing information is not enough for most learners to retain it, so visual aids help to receive and retain information. Visual aids have the abili ty to stimulate and maintain the learners’ interest, simplify teaching, accelerate learning and reinforce the material being studied. There are a number of benefits in using visual aids in teaching language. The first is visual thinking makes complex information easier to understand. Thanks to visualRead MoreThe Importance Of Reading783 Words   |  4 PagesReading is a developmental process that must be nurtured—grades Pre-K through grade 3. In fact, according to research, by the end of the third grade, if students are still poor readers, he or she will most likely struggle to understand what is taught in later the grades—I can attest to this (Ramos Murphey, 2016). Growing up, reading has always been a challenge for me. Today, I consider myself to be a struggling reader. At times, I find myself saying the following: â€Å"I love words and to write; howeverRead MoreEnglish Language Learners Methodology Comparison Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Language Learners Methodology Comparison With the rise of immigration in the United States, Americas’ classrooms contain students from different cultures and backgrounds. The academic development of students’ learning relies on teachers’ instructional practices. In order to successfully educate diverse learners, especially English Language Learners (ELLs), teachers use research to gain knowledge on teaching practices. The findings gained from research provide an insight over a topic ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Explicit Writing Instruction On The English Language Classroom1368 Words   |  6 PagesExplicit writing instruction combined with providing detailed and effective feedback is the driving force English language students need to be successful writers. Educators agree that written feedback is needed and should be applied with the intent of improving student’s writing skills. Unfortunately, educators and researchers often disagree on what written feedback method should be used, when student s should be corrected and how often. In an effort to establish a widespread view on the subject,

Marxism And The State An Analytical Approach Essay

Paul Wetherly is a member of Social Sciences faculty of Leeds Becket University, where he is teaching Introduction to Governance; Political Ideologies and Movements; and The State; Theories, Issues Challenges. He is also a member of the Marxism Specialist Group. Some of his work in Marxist politics theory are a book, Marxism and the State: An Analytical Approach (Wetherly, 2005); a chapter in the book, â€Å"Can Capitalists Use the State to Serve Their General Interests?† (Wetherly, 2008); and some journal articles such as In all essentials wrong ?: Miliband’s critique of pluralism revisited† (Studies in Marxism, 2013); â€Å"The theory of the state in Cohen s functional interpretation of Marx s theory of history† (Science and Society, 2006); â€Å"Marxism and economic determination: Clarification and defence of an old-fashioned principle† (Review of Radical Political Economics, 2001). In order to review Miliband-Poulantzas debate, we will use his book, Marxism and the State: An Analytical Approach, and chapter he wrote â€Å"Can Capitalists Use the State to Serve Their General Interests?† in Class, power and the state in capitalist society, where Wetherly became editor, together with Barrow and Burnham. According to Wetherly (2005), The central claim of Marxist instrumentalism is the state is an instrument of agents or social groups, which use the state power to realize their interest. Thus, the instrumentalist approaches being characterized as a form of ‘inï ¬â€šuence’ theory. By thisShow MoreRelatedImpact of Gender in Media and Film1006 Words   |  5 Pagesstimulus from a purely analytical approach. Without using Carl Sagens Baloney Detection Kit at my side I easily diverge from logical analysis approach and immerse myself in my emotional defense. What I want to do is pull two separate and different works together and focus on the impact of gender in media and film. First I will summarize my position then address the two selected works. One work is from noted Marxist Louis Althusser where he points out eight different Ideological State Apparatus (ISA) ofRead MoreThe Left And The Right Wing1575 Words   |  7 Pagesidea of a capitalist form of government due to th e inequalities that it comes with. He believed in scientific socialism, and published the Communist Manifesto in 1848. Which lays out his theories of social and economic principles, along with how to approach the conflict between class struggle. He believed that workers, especially those who work under a capitalist system, sold their labor as a form of a commodity. A commodity is a form of value, which means that any form of labor gives value to the objectRead MoreCommunist Manifesto By Marx Engels1031 Words   |  5 PagesMarx-Engels Reader, I have a general understanding about The Communist Manifesto presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and present) and the problems of capitalism. I am more like concerning on bourgeoisie and proletarians. The reason I interested in this section because it introduces and explains the final conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Tucker (1978) states: The proletariat goes through various stages of development. With its birth begins its struggleRead MoreIndividual and society2009 Words   |  9 Pages‘Focuses on the social system as a whole and its functional requirements are normally that of structural sociology’ (Calhoun, C et al 2002) However Marxism a conflict theory of sociology takes exactly this focus when analysing how an individual creates an identity and relationship within society. Marxism as a Macro-theory of sociology focuses on ‘human agents as cogs in the machine of social forces’ (Calhoun, C et al 2002) who have little or no control over the development of their identities, becauseRead MoreCompare and Contrast Two Sociological theories1913 Words   |  8 Pagestwo leading sociological theories: Marxism and Functionalism. Marxists predominantly believe that within society inequality and prejudice are rife, whereas Functionalists live under the impression that society operates in a state of social equilibrium wherein class and social status are necessities which we allow to transpire. This essay will explore the different viewpoints each theories take on subjects such as religion, community, family and education. Marxism is a conflict theory founded byRead MoreMarxism and Class, Gender and Race: Rethinking the Trilogy5203 Words   |  21 PagesMARXISM AND CLASS, GENDER AND RACE: RETHINKING THE TRILOGY Published (2001) in RACE, GENDER amp; CLASS, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 23-33, special issue on Marxism and Race, Gender amp; Class. It is posted here with permission of Jean Belkhir, Editor Introduction A taken for granted feature of most social science publications today, especially those about inequality, is the ritual critique of Marx and Marxism in the process of introducing theoretical alternatives intended to remedy its alleged failuresRead MoreNeorealist and Neo-Marxist Approaches to Globalization2148 Words   |  9 Pagesuniversity of sheffield | Critically compare the neorealist and neo-Marxist approaches to globalization. Which approach is most useful in your view? | Neo-realism According to Jackson and Sorensen (2003), the leading contemporary neorealist thinker is undoubtedly Kenneth Waltz (1979). His starting point is taken from some elements of classical and neoclassical, such as independent state existing and performing in an anarchical international system. Waltz’s Theory of international Politics (1979)Read More On the Possibility of Transcendental Materialism Essay3368 Words   |  14 Pagesassociated not only with idealism but also with materialism; (2) such a connection was made possible by Karl Marxs theory; and (3) in the development of Marxism up to now, theory has been tied to a political movement, which is an error of principle, for what survives of it is a kind of social ethics which should more appropriately be called Marxism. Transcendence and immanence are notions of relationship. Values exist sensually above the senses: e.g., the aesthetic value of a painting is not identicalRead MoreKarl Marx : Societal Conflict Based On The Poli tical And Economical Situation3046 Words   |  13 PagesSamantha Chang Art Theory 006 19 December 2014 Essay 1 Marxism is about societal conflicts based on the political and economical situation in society. Karl Marx, the founder of Marixism, believed that communism was the key to a more equal society, because society was divided into two groups the bourgeoisie, the middle class, and the proletariat, the lower class. He was against the ideas of capitalism, which he believed encouraged a system of inequality. Max Weber, a Marxist, explains how â€Å"materialRead More Rethinking Gramscis Political Philosophy Essay3376 Words   |  14 PagesRethinking Gramscis Political Philosophy ABSTRACT: This paper is a clarification and partial justification of a novel approach to the interpretation of Gramsci. My approach aims to avoid reductionism, intellectualism, and one-sidedness, as well as the traditional practice of conflating his political thought with his active political life. I focus on the political theory of the Prison Notebooks and compare it with that of Gaetano Mosca. I regard Mosca as a classic exponent of democratic elitism

Medical Devices FDA Essay Example For Students

Medical Devices FDA Essay Magnetic Resonance division designs, manufactures, and installs MRI systems andassociated equipment for the worldwide medical diagnostic imaging market. Inaddition, Marconi MR imports MRI systems from Nordstar (located in Helsinki,Finland) and installs them in the United States. Associated equipment includessurface coils and physician viewing stations. Surface coils are specializedtransducers, which, when used with an MRI machine, produce high-quality imagesof specific portions of the anatomy. MR designs, manufactures, and installssurface coils as well. Marconi Medical Systems as a whole, is a transnationalcorporation. While retaining its strength in the United Stated, MRs productshave achieved global recognition. Strengths in markets such as Europe and SouthAmerica have opened doors to Asian countries such as Japan and China. MR has avariety of customers, but focuses primarily on hospitals and imaging centers. MRcustomers expect high quality systems that are easy to use, have low op eratingcost, high throughput, and can support new technology. An MR system must providesuperior image quality and offer a range of imaging techniques to supportdiagnosis. Given the high cost of the equipment ($900,000 on average), customersexpect smoothly installed, easy to operate, reliable, low maintenance equipmentthat provides a solid return on investment. To make all this possible, Marconimust pass the Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) stringent policies andprocedures for the safe and effective use of a medical device. Advantages of MRIUnlike x-ray based medical diagnostic techniques such as computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy are techniques that do notemploy ionizing radiation. As such, it is considered to be less hazardous thanother x-ray imaging techniques. In addition, since x-rays can only discriminatedifferent tissues by electron density, which does not vary greatly between softtissues, the injection of contrast media is often necessary . In MRI, however,there are a number of tissue specific parameters which can affect magneticresonance (MR) signals. One of the most important advantages of MRI is itscapacity for displaying soft tissue contrast. An example of this capacity is thediscrimination between the gray and white matter of the brain that can beaccomplished with MRI. Image contrast can be tailored to the specific clinicalapplication so that specific types of pathology are emphasized. In addition,since MRI is unobstructed by bone, it is especially beneficial in imaging of thebrain and spinal cord. MRI also has the unique ability to acquire images innumerous planes without repositioning the patient. Three-dimensional recreationsof anatomic structure can be obtained. These characteristics render MRI a veryeffective and important tool for soft tissue imaging. Regulations Productsmeeting the definition of a device under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act(FDC Act or the Act) are regulated by the Food and DrugAd ministration (FDA). Medical devices are subject to general controls and othercontrols in the FDC Act. General controls of the FDC Act are thebaseline requirements that apply to all medical device manufacturers. Unlessspecifically exempted, medical devices must be properly labeled and packaged, becleared for marketing by the FDA, meet their labeling claims, and bemanufactured under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), which is a mandatedquality assurance system. FDA regulates devices to assure their safety andeffectiveness. To fulfill provisions of the FDC Act, FDA develops rules toregulate devices intended for human use. These rules regulate various aspects ofthe design, clinical evaluation, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, commercialdistribution, and postmarket surveillance of devices. These regulations arepublished in the Federal Register. Final regulations are codified annually inthe Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). What is a Medical Device? The definitionof a device appears in section 201(h) of the FDC Act. A device is:an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, invitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component, part,or accessory, which is: ? recognized in the official National Formulary,or the United States Pharmacopeia, or any supplement to them, ? intendedfor use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure,mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or? intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man orother animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposesthrough chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and whichis not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of itsprimary intended purposes Accessories and Components Certain componentssuch as blood tubing sets, major diagnostic x-ray components, and stand-alonesoftware are regulated by the FDA as finished devices becau se they areaccessories to finished devices and meet the above definition of a device. Mexican National Flag And Crest Persuasive EssayBibliography1. Marconi Medical Systems, Inc. MR GBC Work Instruction MR 313. 2. DuanePraschan, former Regulatory Affairs manager, Marconi Medical Systems. 3. http://www.fda.gov/

Hendrickson Thesis free essay sample

I Table of Contents Introduction 3 General Facts about Gift Cards Tax Accounting Implications 7 Recognition 7 Gift Card Companies Statement Laws 10 Financial Accounting Implications Recognition 13 Disclosure 15 Further Research 20 Conclusions 21 works Cited 22 Introduction 4 13 Gift cards have become an area of both opportunity and risk for retailers. They have come to provide a critical source of earnings, yet at the same time, the regulatory environment, including tax and financial reporting for gift cards, has become increasingly complex. The bottom line is that financial executives within the retail industry cannot afford to be blindsided by tax, regulatory and financial reporting changes in this area; Giles Sutton, State and Local Tax (SALT) partner and national Retail Tax practice leader. (Grant Thornton ALP. , 2011) In the recent years gift cards and certificates have become immensely popular with both retailers and customers. Gift card sales for 2010 are currently estimated to have exceeded $200 billion, with $25 billion coming from holiday season spending. This can be compared to $24. 1 billion in the 2 holiday season and $24. 9 billion in 2 (Duff Phelps Corp., 2011) The large amount of money that gift cards represent indicates that they must be clearly regulated from both a tax accounting and financial accounting perspective. This is not entirely the case. Tax laws have changed several times over the past decade in regards to gift card revenue recognition and may yet change again. GAP does not currently have any specific literature regarding how gift card revenue should be recorded and reported. The main issue that is confounding both of these perspectives is what to do with gift cards that are unlikely to be redeemed. Its estimated that the percentage of gift card balances that remain unredeemed, known as breakage, range from 10 to 19 percent. (Grant Thornton ALP. , 2011) Accounting for breakage income will be the main topic of this paper. General Facts about Gift Cards There are two basic types of gift cards; ones issued by credit card companies like Visa, and ones that arent. Those that arent issued by credit card companies are called embank gift cards or, frequently, closed-system cards. They get this name because they are used only at the retailers that issue them. In addition to retailers; restaurants, grocery stores, movie theaters and more have all begun to use these loses system cards. Embank gift cards are either distributed by the retailer or by a gift card company. A gift card company is a separate legal entity that is formed by a company as a subsidiary for the sole purpose of administering the companys gift card program. (Marred Forsyth, 2007) Unlike cards from Visa or Mastered, other gift cards do not come under the Jurisdiction of federal banking laws. This lack of legal regulation of embank gift cards leads to companies attaching a variety of conditions to their cards. Cards may carry monthly fees, carry activation fees, and may have an expiration date. These attachments arent as common as they used to be, however, due to customer complaints. The existence of these attachments on some cards however will influence how they are accounted for, as we will discuss later. (Marred ; Forsyth, 2007) Gift cards are prized by both companies and customers. Customers love them for several reasons. Theyre convenient, easy to use, easy to carry, and everyone appreciates them. There is no worry of getting the wrong gift and theyre appropriate for everyone be it family, friend or employee. While customers are limited to one retailer in using the card, they can purchase anything hey want from the retailer which can persuade people to buy items they otherwise wouldnt have. (Marred Forsyth, 2007) A recent survey has shown that 57% of adults wished to receive a gift card for the holidays in 2010. (Grant Thornton ALP. , 2011) Companies love gift cards even more than customers do. Gift cards lead to increased sales, increased marketing opportunities, and help with cash flow and inventory management. Gift cards have a huge influence on sales. On top of the initial gift card purchase, customers are almost guaranteed to spend more than the amount of the gift card when they redeem it. The way that pricing works, customers are extremely unlikely to perfectly use up their gift cards with no excess paid out of pocket. Rather than leave a balance on the card, customers are inclined to treat the gift card amount as a minimum purchase price. Studies have shown that customers spend an average of 1. 4 times the amount on their cards in the transaction where they redeem them. The prevalence of gift cards as holiday gifts effectively extends the holiday gist buying season, making the January and February clearance sales into some of the most lucrative non-holiday periods for companies. (Marred Forsyth, 2007) Marketers love gift cards because they generate two customer contacts and two sales opportunities. Marketers can also use incremental information gathered from gift card transactions to design future marketing plans and promotions. Gift cards benefit inventory management and cash flow in a big way as well. The delay in the transfer of inventory allows for significant operating cash flow benefits to a business by allowing them to purchase inventory over time instead of all at once. This delay also meaner that since gift cards are predominantly sold during the holiday season and redeemed in the off season, businesses will have mother COGS expenses over the entire period, instead of huge Jumps in COGS at one time. (Kill, 2007) As mentioned before, 10 to 19% of the value of all gift cards sold never gets redeemed. Customers may lose a card, or intentionally fail to use it. Some customers forget to use up their balances before the expiration date. Some customers use the card and leave money left on the balance. This remainder is then either forgotten about or disregarded as being immaterial. Whatever the reason, these unredeemed cards can add much to a businesss bottom line, should they be allowed to recognize it. Kill, 2007) Gift cards do have a downside however. Any retail store that uses gift cards can fall victim to fraud, either due to customers or employees perpetrating the fraud. Customers can shoplift cards, either using the cards themselves or stealing the authorization information from the magnetic strip with an electronic device. Stolen, fake, and empty cards are also frequently sold on auction sites or bargain sites. Employees are Just as likely to steal cards, but also have other opportunities to commit fraud. They may pretend a customers card is empty or deactivated and convince the customer to hand over the card. Or they may use sleight of hand to swap the customers card with an empty one. Losses from fraud can be significant, but the benefits a company gains from its gift card program often far outweigh the losses. (Marred Forsyth, 2007) Tax Accounting Implications Gift cards pose several problems when related to taxation. Most basic is at what point companies should recognize income for gift card sales for tax purposes? Gift card companies must be sure whether they can claim money received as for gift cards as income at all. When should gift card fees be recognized? How do state statement laws impact gift cards? All of these topics will be examined in this section. Recognition In general revenues is recorded when it is earned for financial accounting purposes, and when it is received for tax purposes. Retailers that used gift cards understandably were resistant to this. To have all their gift card sales count upfront would make it so that they could not balance out these sales with their related expenses as they would not have been incurred yet. The IRS forbids realizing COGS before the cards is redeemed as it cannot be predicted what product will be purchased wit n the card. (Suitors amp Bender 2009) It a company can properly use the advance payment deferral rules from Treasury Regulation S 1. 51-5 and Revenue Procedure 2004-34 then unredeemed gift card income can be deferred until up to the last day of the second tax year after the card is sold. (Smith, 2009)